The effect of this is to save on energy costs of transport.

The research has been published in the journal Movement Ecology.

The study demonstrated that mountain lions have an ability to assess their surrounding terrain and utilize an energetically efficient series of walking gaits.

This is important because under current scenarios of climate change and habitat loss, many wild animals, especially large predators, are being forced to move into novel energetically challenging environments as the usual areas they inhabit are increasingly being occupied by humans. Consequently, the areas that animals move into heighten their energetic costs and effect the decline of populations.

Mountain lion habitats are rapidly diminishing due to increasing agriculture and urbanization (35% loss in California predicted by 2030). In addition, road collisions, fires, and poaching of their wild prey have become more problematic for the lions. Remaining populations are being challenged and at times moving into the steepest and most energetically costly mountainous parts of their range.

The research team set out to test exactly how these big cats might cope with the high energy demand of consistently travelling and hunting in steep terrains, and therefore how they would cope if isolated to these areas completely, or having to move more frequently across these rugged habitats.

To conduct their research, the researchers trained captive-reared mountain lions to walk on a treadmill so they could measure their oxygen consumption whilst walking on the level and on an incline. The team also equipped wild mountain lions in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, with GPS and accelerometers to track their movements and identify their preferred behaviours. This allowed them to calculate the wild mountain lions’ energy use each day and track how they chose to move through steep landscapes.

The results showed that even a relatively shallow incline of 6.8 degrees increased mountain lions’ energy use by over 40%. The researchers found that mountain lions subsequently traversed hillsides to decrease the angle that they climb and also travelled much more slowly when climbing, conserving their energy. The mountain lions also spent much of their time resting (60%) and less than 10% of the day travelling, further conserving their energy.

Carolyn Dunford, researcher from The School of Biological Sciences at Queen’s University Belfast and first author on the paper, said: “With mountain lion populations being challenged by increasing human activities and their lowland habitats rapidly decreasing, individuals that can survive within mountainous habitats will be crucial for the stability of the population.

“We have discovered how mountain lions survive in mountains to conserve energy which allows them to travel and survive in steep terrains. Conservation efforts must take into account the terrain that they will be living in as their hunting abilities might be compromised in landscapes that are too steep. This should also be considered when conserving habitats for other species that may not be as adaptable as mountain lions.”

The next step for the research is to examine the compounding energetic costs of these steep terrain movements in territorial males, and in females during periods of kitten rearing. The impact of California fires that push the local lions into more mountainous areas is also being investigated.

The research was conducted by a collaborative team from Queen’s University Belfast (Dr C Dunford, Dr M Scantlebury, Prof N Marks), the Puma Project and ICE lab (Integrative Carnivore EcoPhysiology lab) from the University of California, Santa Cruz (Prof T Williams, Prof C Wilmers. Dr B Nickel, Dr C Bryce), and the Foothills Wildlife Research Facility (CA, USA) (Dr. L. Wolfe). It was funded by an NSF grant, a DfE Northern Ireland Studentship, and travel was sponsored by the Company of Biologists Limited and The Journal of Experimental Biology.

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