Professor Chris Elliott OBE and team at IGFS have been testing herbs and spices, including sage and oregano, chilli powder and turmeric, pepper and paprika, for authenticity for almost a decade.

In partnership with the consumer magazine WHICH?, they revealed in 2015 that more than 25% of oregano selling in UK and Ireland was adulterated. They carried out this research with a blend of laboratory analyses they had developed, using mass-spectrometry and other analytical-chemical approaches. As a result, over 50 leading manufacturers and retailers, such as Sainsbury’s, began regular testing along their supply chains, using the diagnostic methods developed at IGFS. At least one prosecution for food fraud has resulted.

A follow-up survey in 2020 revealed that oregano adulteration had decreased fivefold, suggesting the earlier findings had triggered more scrutiny on the part of the food industry and food-standards agencies.

Other key findings have been that more than a quarter of sage sold via online retailers and smaller, independent shops was bulked out with non-food material such as dried leaves from olive trees; and that chilli powder had been adulterated with a carcinogenic dye.

In tandem with the new lab tests developed at IGFS, the team also developed handheld, infrared technology to enable manufacturers and processors to quickly and affordably detect adulteration, at different points along the foodchain, on site.

As a direct result of all these advances, the IGFS Asset Technology Centre became an industry-accredited lab for the detection of herb and spice adulteration (UKAS ISO 17025). The lab was also listed as a ‘Centre for Expertise’ by the UK Department of Energy, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) – the only university to hold this status. The research also resulted in the formation of a spinout company, Bia Analytical.

The success of the team in this area of food integrity directly resulted in IGFS being awarded the status of ‘Collaborating Centre’ by the UN-affiliated International Atomic Energy Agency in 2021.

Broiler chicken production is big business, with an average of 20M broilers slaughtered per month in the UK. Public perception of broiler welfare can be poor and, with no legal requirements for environmental enrichment, broiler producers are creating their own 'higher welfare' systems to meet a growing consumer demand. Over the last decade, Prof O’Connell and her team have worked closely with leading industry producers to provide evidence-based advice on ways to enhance broiler housing. 

One large-scale study by this research group revealed the benefits of providing windowed housing, with access to natural light leading to improved litter condition, an increase in broiler activity levels and improved walking ability. This was the first peer-reviewed study of its kind and is widely referred to globally in animal-welfare policy and advocacy documents. This was influential in the move by one of Europe's largest chicken producers, NI-based Moy Park, to install windows in all its chicken houses.  Subsequent research demonstrated health and welfare benefits associated with the use of straw bales, pecking objects and dustbaths.

A different project in collaboration with Skea Eggs Ltd explored the ability of aerial perches to reduce aggressive behaviour and improve laying hen welfare under free-range conditions. The results demonstrated a clear benefit.  

The research has directly informed animal-welfare standards, including:

• Red Tractor standards for meat chickens; RSPCA Australia standards for meat chickens  

• RSPCA Assured standards for laying hens  

• Major NGO-led initiative ('the Big Ask') 

The island of Ireland imports millions of tonnes of animal-feed ingredients and, as supply chains become more complex, this results in increased potential for accidental and intentional contamination, including threats from mycotoxins, pesticides and heavy metals. 

The horsemeat scandal in January 2013 highlighted the vulnerability of the food industry, resulting in a major blow to consumer confidence in meat products and supermarket products. The face value of the horsemeat scandal was £178,000 but police estimated that the true cost ran into millions. More generally, food crime costs the UK economy around £1.2B each year.

The Elliott Review underpinned a range of concerted actions taken by the government to bring about substantial and beneficial changes to how the country managed existing and current threats to food supply. As a result, the first prosecution for horsemeat contamination took place in January 2015, followed by further prosecutions. 

The Elliott Report directly resulted in the establishment of: 

(i) National Food Crime Unit (covering England, Wales and Northern Ireland), employing 80+ staff with an annual budget of £4M;

(ii) the Scottish Food Crime and Incidents Unit with 16 officers;

(iii) Food Industry Intelligence Network with 45 members and a turnover of £115 billion.

In terms of the scientific impact, Prof Elliott's publication of wide-ranging research outputs, describing how to implement non-targeted testing methods for food fraud detection and their use in regulatory environments, has been pivotal to driving a major shift in UK-government attitude and policies associated with food fraud, which is ongoing.

His research team has pioneered the use of non-targeted methodologies, for example, mass spectrometric and spectroscopic technologies, capable of producing ‘food fingerprints’. Many tests based on this science have since been integrated into national and international monitoring programmes and have been used to successfully detect instances of sophisticated food fraud - to date, including beta-agonist abuse in Holland; adulteration of oils in China; and, shrimp fraud in India.