Investigating the physics of plasmas produced in a laboratory allows to advance the understanding of key processes of broad relevance to astrophysical contexts, as well as testing fundamental theories of radiation matter interaction. By harnessing the power of very intense laser pulses interacting with plasmas, one can develop novel sources of radiation and particles driving innovative applications within science as well as in practical contexts, including the biomedical area. Advanced applications are also pursued by employing discharge-driven, low temperature plasmas, and through the interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with molecules and gases.